Nigeria’s human waste industry has been estimated by a plethora of health economists to have the potential of more than one billion naira daily. This is because eradicating open defecation, which has become a threatening menace is worth that much.
According to the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the extent of open defecation in Nigeria varies from as low as 1.2% of households in Abia to as high as 65.8% in Kogi. Other States that show higher than the national average (37%) with regard to open defecation practices are Ekiti (60.8%), Plateau (56.2%), Oyo (54.0%), Cross River (53.6), Benue (52.9%), Taraba (52.5%), Nasarawa (50.8%), Kwara (50.5%, Enugu (48.6%), Jigawa (48.1%), Ondo (47.6%), Niger (47.5%), Ebonyi (45.5%), Osun (39.2%) and Kebi (37.6%).
The implication of the above statistic is that it puts Nigeria in the unenviable position as the country with the highest open defecation in the world, currently 47 million Nigerians in the practice.
There are currently 774 local government areas in Nigeria. Assuming the country adopts a public/private partnership approach to eradicating open defecation by building at least 50 public toilets in each local government area, that would amount to almost 39,000 of such toilet facilities. Further assuming each of the 39,000 toilets makes at least N20,000 daily, that would amount to N774,000,000 every day. When multiplied by the 365 days in a year, that would amount to N282,510,000,000 annually.
The above estimation is a fairly conservative figure. National Economy interviewed two operators of public toilet facilities in market areas in Lagos who revealed that they make more than N50,000 daily from the night soil and night rain business.
Building model public/private partnership toilets would be a laudable move as it has tremendous health and economic implications. The health implication is that open defecation has health risks linked to deaths from diarrhoea, cholera, and typhoid. It is also a risk factor for violence against women and girls who, for example, may need to leave home in the dark to find somewhere to defecate.
The economic benefits of sanitation to an economy are not always well understood. This is mainly because of the paucity and limitation of data on the subject. However, in recent years there is increasing realization of the cost and benefits of sanitation on making a country open-defecation-free. Some studies indicate that for every US $ spent on sanitation the return varies from US $ 9 to over US$ 40, according to the World Bank.
In a desk study on the Economic Impact of Poor Sanitation in Nigeria, undertaken by the World Bank and published in 2012, it was estimated that Nigeria loses NGN 455 billion or US$ 3.6 billion annually due to poor sanitation. This amounts to US$ 20 per person in Nigeria per year or 1.3% of the national GDP. The loss to the country from some of the major components was estimated as follows: – US$ 243 million loss each year in Access Time, that is, the time lost in finding a suitable place for defecating. This cost falls disproportionately on women as caregivers who may spend additional time accompanying children or sick or elderly relatives. According to the Water Aid Study mentioned above, 68% of women opined that the cost of using a public toilet is a problem for them.
Also, US$ 2.5 billion lost due to premature death every year. US$ 13 million lost due to Productivity Losses whilst sick or accessing health care. This includes absence from work or school due to diarrhoeal diseases, seeking treatment from a health clinic or hospital and time spent caring for under-5s suffering from diarrhoea or other sanitation-attributable diseases. It also includes US$ 191 million lost on health care. Costs associated with health-seeking behavior include consultation, medication, transport and in some cases hospitalization.
In 2016, Nigeria launched an action plan of its own, aiming to end open defecation by 2025. The plan involves providing equitable access to water, sanitation, and hygiene services and strengthening tailored community approaches to total sanitation. The plan is currently being vigourously pursued by the Honourable Minister of Water Resources, Engineer Suleiman Hussein Adamu.
But with the government yet to release funding for the initiative, advocates say progress is happening at a snail’s pace. In November 2018, as parts of the country’s struggle with high levels of water-borne diseases, Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari declared a state of emergency in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sector.
Nigeria needs an estimated 959 billion naira ($2.7 billion) to end open defecation by 2025. Of that, the government is expected to provide around 25%, or NGN234 billion — justified on the grounds that the country loses NGN455 billion annually to poor sanitation.
The other 75% of the cost will be incurred by households. The majority of the costs, supposed to be incurred by households will be spent on constructing toilets for those that don’t have them, while funds from the government will be spent on public projects including ensuring access to toilet facilities at public places.
With so much money expected to be pumped into the challenge, the federal government is encouraging the emergence of a toilet business ecosystem, which includes innovative toilet designers, financiers to provide loans and other financial tools to households, community organizations, and more.
But advocates say a wide gap exists between ambition and action. To meet the 2025 target, Nigeria needs to build two million toilets every year from 2019 to 2025. That is quite an ambitious goal, although UNICEF is currently delivering about 100,000 toilets annually.
But the goal is achievable. Over a period of five years, India has virtually eradicated open defecation. Even with a population of more than 1.2 million people, the country embarked on an ambitious five-year mission to eliminate open defecation nationwide, building millions of toilets and aiming to change the habits of hundreds of millions of its citizens. That has been accomplished with a will and government determination.
In Nigeria, the best way to go about achieving such a laudable goal is through public/private partnerships. It has worked in Lagos and can be replicated in the rest of the country. Once people can make money out of a public good that fetches them money, they are motivated to go all the way to invest in such ventures.
